How are stars born
In this artical you will know about
Formation of Stars in Nabula
Why are Stars different colours?
Protostar
Red Giants
The End of Our Sun
Nutron Star
Black holes
Where are Stars born?
Imagine a vast cloud of dust and gas several light years away.
Gravity works everywhere,with the help of this gravity, those dust particles start coming closer to each other and they come closer to form a large ball-like round body. As the dust particles come closer to each other (by collision their temperature also increases) and their temperature reaches about 15 million °C and due to being so close to each other, the pressure is also very high on the core of that protostar. Now, in these conditions, a magical reaction begins, which we humans call nuclear fusion, and that huge ball of gas starts glowing and thus a new star comes into being in the universe.
What is nuclear fusion?
What is the nuclear fusion and why does this reaction take place inside the core of a star?
We know that due to the collision of dust particles with each other, the temperature reached about 15 million °C and due to the accumulation of a lot of matter at the center of this ball of gas,the pressure also increased tremendously.
Plasma Formation :
Due to the high pressure and high temperature, the electrons inside the atoms leave their orbits and a liquid of charges is created which we humans call plasma.
The contraction continues and the nuclei in the plasma begin to move rapidly towards each other.Eventually,they move so fast in each other's direction that the electrical repulsion between their protons cancels out the electrical repulsion.Nuclei join together, or fuse, by violently colliding with each other.During this process,they release a lot of energy. This energy from fusion holds the outer surface layer up outside the core and(balances the core pulling the outer surface in due to gravity)causing the outer layer of the star to fuse with the star's core. When the energy produced as a result of nuclear fusion reaches the outer surface of the star, then it starts going in the form of electromagnetic waves in outer space and thus a star continues to shine.
Throughout the life of a star, the process of nuclear fusion balances the force of gravity and maintains its brightness as long as it has its fuel i.e.Hydrogen.
Size of Stars :
New stars come in a variety of sizes and colors.They range from blue to red, from less than half the size of our Sun to over 20 times the Sun's size. It all depends on how much gas and dust is collected during the star's formation.
Why are Stars different colours?
The color of the star depends on the surface temperature of the star. And its temperature depends, again, on how much gas and dust were accumulated during formation. The more mass a star starts out with, the brighter and hotter it will be. For a star, everything depends on its mass.
Death of a Star 1:
Formation And Development Of Red Giant:
A star can continue to shine for millions or billions of years (its age depends on how massive the star was).When a star runs out of its fuel,Hydrogen,after a lifetime of shining,the process of nuclear fusion stops. This causes the core to stop exerting pressure on the outer surface of the star, resulting in the outer part of the star collapsing onto the inner core and creating a lot of pressure and heat,causing the star to temporarily expand and expands about 100 times more than its original size and this state of the star is called "Red giant".
What will happen to our sun or sun-size stars?
If we talk about our own star "Sun" (Our Sun is a medium-sized star), then when our Sun becomes a red giant, it will expand and the core of the Sun will shrink further and the helium atoms present inside the core will condense.There will be fusion in core of our Sun,which will result carbon atoms. As a result of this nuclear fusion, energy will be released from which a star will temporarily shine. In a star (the size of our Sun) this process will last only for a few minutes.Cause it to last for few minutes only is The atomic structure of the carbon atom is quite strong as a result of which it cannot be further compressed by the surrounding matter.
Now what happens to a star next that depends on what the star's mass was.
Super nova:
Super nova means a great explosion 💥.
If a star is 5 times bigger than our Sun 🌞 or more, then its end will be interesting.
When a star that is already 5 times the mass of our sun when becomes a red giant, it will expand greatly and the core of the star will be pulled in by gravity and the temperature will be extremely high and the star will shrink a lot.
Due to the excessive contraction, the pressure on the core is also very high and the temperature expands very much,which results in the start of nuclear fusion again,this time the nuclear fusion temporarily causes the upper wave of the star for a few moments,fails to meet the core. Now, since only Fe (iron) atoms will be present in the core of the star, there will be no means to do the rest of the nuclear reaction. As a result, the temperature of the core becomes 100 billion degrees Celsius and the iron atoms begin to break apart.
Begins to emit explosive shock waves.
When these explosive shock waves come out of the core of the star, the particles of the upper wave of the stars coming in its path are heated. As a result of these shock waves,new elements and other radioactive isotopes also come into existence.This is one of the most beautiful sights in the universe. One is, shock waves disciplinedly push a lot of material from the top of the star forward and blast it out into space in what we call a super nova.
Super Nova Results:
If the shock waves coming out as a result of the Super nova fall on a destroyed space body, it might start a new vast life or create new planets and moons.
Death of Star 5:
Neutron Star:
The above was the fate of stars 5 times bigger than our Sun, but if a star smaller than these stars becomes a Red Giant, only most of the carbon remains in its core, then due to the high pressure, the electrons of the atoms mix with protons and make neutrons and thus the core of the entire star consists only of neutrons.Their size is the size of the earth or even smaller. Due to having a lot of mass in a very small size, the density of these stars increases a lot and this is the reason why they are called the most dense bodies.
If the star was not small, but 15 times larger than our Sun or more,then this neutron star would not be confined, but would become a black hole with a very high gravitational force which we call the Blackholes.
Death Star 6:
Black holes:
Black holes are the most powerful mysterious objects in our universe, their gravitational pull is so strong that once they are swallowed up, they never stop.
They don't let it out, not even light, and we know that light is the fastest moving thing in our universe, whose speed is about 300,000 kilometers per second. It is so fast that it can reach close to the moon in about a second, so black holes do not leave any body without absorbing them.According to NASA, based on their observations, we know two types of black holes based on their size
One is black holes that are typically 4-15 times the mass of stars (4-15 times that of our Sun) and black holes that are the mass of entire galaxies (where two hundred to four hundred billion stars are present in a galaxy ) If they are collected in a place, it is called a galaxy.
These results were not derived from seeing them, but we have found them from the behavior of stars and other bodies near them.
Finding Black holes:
If black holes are black, how can we see them?
These objects aren't really holes.They're huge concentrations of matter packed into very tiny spaces.A black hole is so dense that gravity just beneath its surface, the event horizon, is strong enough that nothing – not even light – can escape, the event horizon is a boundary that contains all the matter that makes up the black hole. Black holes don't emit or reflect light, making them effectively invisible to telescopes. Scientists primarily detect and study them based on how they affect their surroundings:
Black holes can be surrounded by rings of gas and dust, called accretion disks, that emit light across many wavelengths, including X-rays. A black hole cannot be easily seen with the naked eye or a telescope.